Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV): Clinical Manifestations and Treatments
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), also known as human herpesvirus 4 (HHV-4), is one of the most ubiquitous viruses in humans. A member of the Herpesviridae family, EBV is best known for causing infectious mononucleosis (“mono” or “the kissing disease”) but is also associated with various malignancies and autoimmune conditions. Discovered in 1964 by Michael Epstein and […]
Physical Therapy: A Guide Including Oral Physical Therapy
Physical therapy, often referred to as physiotherapy, is a healthcare specialty that focuses on the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of physical impairments, disabilities, and limitations. It uses evidence-based techniques such as exercise, manual therapy, education, and modalities like heat, cold, and electrical stimulation to improve a patient’s function and quality of life. While most people […]
Orthodontic Forces: Mechanisms, Types, and Clinical Applications
Orthodontics, a specialized branch of dentistry, is primarily concerned with diagnosing, preventing, and correcting malpositioned teeth and jaws. One of the core principles underlying successful orthodontic treatment is the application of controlled forces to teeth in order to move them through bone. These forces, known as orthodontic forces, are applied via various appliances and are […]
Stroke: Causes, symptoms, treatment, and prevention
A stroke is a medical emergency that occurs when the blood supply to a part of the brain is interrupted or reduced, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients. Within minutes, brain cells begin to die. As one of the leading causes of death and long-term disability worldwide, stroke has profound implications for individuals, families, […]
Facial Lipoatrophy: Causes and Management
Facial lipoatrophy is a condition characterized by the progressive loss of subcutaneous fat in the face, leading to a gaunt appearance, hollowed cheeks, sunken eyes, and often a prematurely aged look. Though commonly associated with HIV associated lipodystrophy syndromes, it can also occur as an isolated idiopathic condition or be secondary to systemic diseases or […]
Malnutrition: Causes, Consequences, and Oral Health Implications
Malnutrition remains one of the most pressing public health challenges globally, affecting people across all age groups, geographies, and socioeconomic statuses. It encompasses a range of conditions that result from an imbalance between the body’s nutritional needs and the intake of nutrients, leading to adverse effects on health and development. While often associated with poverty […]