Gingivitis and Periodontitis: From Pathogenesis to Clinical Features
The health of the periodontium — the supporting structures of the teeth — is fundamental to oral and overall well-being. Periodontal diseases, encompassing gingivitis and periodontitis, are among the most common chronic inflammatory conditions affecting humans. While gingivitis refers to inflammation limited to the gingival tissues, periodontitis represents a more destructive process involving the loss […]
Aetiology of Periodontal Disease
Periodontal disease represents one of the most prevalent chronic inflammatory conditions affecting humankind. It is characterized by the destruction of the supporting tissues of the teeth, including the gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum, and alveolar bone. The primary etiological agent of periodontal disease is dental plaque, a complex biofilm composed of microorganisms embedded in an extracellular […]
Oral Microbiology
The oral cavity represents one of the most complex microbial ecosystems in the human body. It harbors a rich and dynamic microbial community composed of bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa, and archaea, existing in a delicate balance between health and disease. The field of oral microbiology explores these microorganisms, their ecological interactions, and their roles in […]
Epidemiology and Clinical Assessment of Periodontal Disease
Periodontal disease is one of the most prevalent oral health problems worldwide, characterized by inflammation of the gingiva and progressive destruction of the supporting structures of the teeth. Its impact extends beyond oral health, influencing systemic conditions such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Understanding the epidemiology of periodontal disease and the use […]
Classification of Periodontal Diseases
Periodontal diseases are among the most common oral health problems affecting people worldwide. They involve the inflammation and destruction of the supporting structures of the teeth, including the gingiva (gums), periodontal ligament, cementum, and alveolar bone. The severity of periodontal disease can range from mild, reversible gingivitis to severe periodontitis that can lead to tooth […]
Increased Overbite
Overbite refers to the vertical overlap of the upper incisors over the lower incisors when the teeth are in centric occlusion. A normal overbite is generally defined as one-third to one-half overlap of the lower incisor crowns by the upper incisors. Variations beyond this normal range constitute either increased overbite (deep bite) or reduced overbite […]