Vasoconstrictors in Local Anesthesia
Local anesthesia is an indispensable component of modern medicine and dentistry, allowing clinicians to perform procedures with minimal pain and discomfort. By blocking nerve conduction in targeted areas, local anesthetics prevent the transmission of pain signals to the central nervous system. However, the effectiveness and safety of local anesthetics are significantly influenced by the pharmacological […]
Microleakage in Dental Filling Materials
Dental caries remains one of the most prevalent chronic diseases worldwide, affecting individuals across all age groups. The introduction of restorative dental materials has transformed the practice of operative dentistry by allowing clinicians to restore function, aesthetics, and structural integrity of carious or fractured teeth. Despite advancements in restorative techniques and materials, one persistent challenge […]
Water Fluoridation
Few public health measures have been as influential and as contested as the practice of adding fluoride to community water supplies. Water fluoridation, the controlled adjustment of fluoride levels in drinking water to prevent tooth decay, is often heralded as one of the most significant public health achievements of the 20th century. Advocates argue that […]
Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
Inflammation is a fundamental biological response of the body to harmful stimuli such as pathogens, damaged cells, toxins, or physical injury. While acute inflammation is a protective mechanism essential for survival, chronic inflammation can contribute to the progression of various diseases including arthritis, asthma, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. To manage the symptoms and underlying processes […]
Complete Blood Count (CBC)
Blood is often referred to as the “river of life.” Flowing through an intricate network of vessels, it delivers oxygen and nutrients to every cell, removes metabolic wastes, fights infections, and maintains homeostasis. To assess the health of this vital fluid, one of the most common and informative tests performed worldwide is the Complete Blood […]
Paget’s Disease
Paget’s disease, also known as osteitis deformans, is a chronic disorder of bone remodeling characterized by excessive and disorganized bone turnover. First described by Sir James Paget in 1877, the condition remains one of the most common metabolic bone diseases after osteoporosis. Although its prevalence has declined in some regions, it continues to pose a […]